Companies by role
Rare earth metal and alloy makers in the US
Four US companies make rare earth metals or alloys today: MP Materials, Phoenix Tailings, REalloys and USA Rare Earth. MP Materials has made NdPr metal at Independence, Texas since Jan 2025, and Phoenix Tailings built a 200 t/yr plant in Exeter, New Hampshire.
Energy Fuels owns a larger metal and alloy plant, but it is in South Korea. Vulcan Elements and Aclara plan metal making, which is the step the US has least of.
Verified through Oct 1, 2026
- Making metal in the US
- 4MP, Phoenix, REalloys, USA Rare Earth
- Energy Fuels alloy capacity
- 1,300 t/yrOchang, South Korea; not US
- Phoenix Tailings built
- 200 t/yr500 t/yr capacity (company)
- OSC loan for a US facility
- $725MEnergy Fuels; conditional
- Plants planned
- 2Vulcan Elements and Aclara
The definition
What is a rare earth metal and alloy maker?
A rare earth metal and alloy maker turns separated oxides into metals such as NdPr metal and into the alloys used to make magnets. The step is called metallization, and it sits between separation and magnet making, where the US has the fewest plants.
- Metal
- Pure rare earth metal made from oxide, for example NdPr metal.
- Alloy
- A metal blend, such as NdFeB strip, ready for magnet makers.
- Why it matters
- Magnet makers need metal or alloy, not oxide, and most of it comes from China.
- Status labels
- Same labels as separation: operating, building and planned.
The comparison
Which US companies make rare earth metals and alloys?
Four US companies make rare earth metal or alloy today, and three more have plants abroad or on paper. The table lists each one's site, product, stated capacity, status and notes.
| Company | Site | Product | Stated capacity | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MP MaterialsMiner, separator, metal and magnet maker | Independence, Fort Worth, Texas | NdPr metal | Part of about 3,000 t/yr of magnet capacity (company) | Plant operating | Making NdPr metal since Jan 2025; magnets since Q4 2025 |
| Phoenix TailingsMetal refiner (private) | Exeter, New Hampshire and Burlington, Massachusetts | Rare earth metals; NdPr metal and a dysprosium-iron alloy (reported) | 200 t/yr built; 500 t/yr capacity (company) | Plant operating | Conditional $500M OSC loan for the Freedom Facility |
| REalloysMetals and alloys | Euclid, Ohio | Rare earth metals and alloys | Not stated | Plant operating | Operating status is company-reported; DFARS qualification effort |
| USA Rare EarthDeveloper and magnet maker (mine to magnet) | Stillwater, Oklahoma; Less Common Metals, United Kingdom | Strip cast metal and alloy; yttrium metal (UK) | Stillwater metal plant funded in part by Commerce ($20M); Blacksburg planned at 5,000 t/yr | Plant operating | First commercial yttrium pour at Less Common Metals in Apr 2026 |
| Energy FuelsUranium miller turned rare earth separator | Ochang, South Korea; US plant planned | NdFeB alloy; NdPr metal; Dy and Tb metal in development | 1,300 t/yr of alloy now; 3,600 t/yr targeted by end of 2026 | Plant operating | The Korean plant joined with ASM (Aug 28, 2026); the $725M OSC loan is for a US facility |
| Vulcan ElementsMetal and magnet maker (private) | Research Triangle Park and Benson, North Carolina | Metal for its own magnets (planned) | Not stated | Plant planned | Plans to add metal making; Benson campus announced Nov 2025 |
| Aclara ResourcesHeavy rare earth separation developer | Port of Vinton, Louisiana | Metals and alloys (planned, within "Project Dynamo") | Not stated | Plant planned | EXIM letter of interest covers separation, metals and alloys |
Nothing matches that search.
Capacity figures are company statements. Energy Fuels' and USA Rare Earth's overseas plants are shown because they feed the US chain, but they are outside the US. Read why metallization is the US bottleneck for the background.
Verified Oct 1, 2026 Every row links to a full profile where one exists.
Which US companies make rare earth metal?
MP Materials makes NdPr metal at Independence in Fort Worth, Texas, Phoenix Tailings refines metals in Exeter, New Hampshire, REalloys makes metals and alloys in Euclid, Ohio, and USA Rare Earth runs metal and alloy operations at Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Output volumes are not published for most of these plants. Phoenix Tailings says Exeter has 200 t/yr built and 500 t/yr of capacity, which it compares with US defense demand. REalloys describes Euclid as operating, and that status rests on company statements.
Why is metal making the US bottleneck?
Metal and alloy making is the US bottleneck because magnet makers need metal or alloy and almost none is made domestically at scale, even where oxide exists. Without it, oxide from Mountain Pass or White Mesa would still travel abroad to become magnet material.
Energy Fuels bought a South Korean metal and alloy plant with its Aug 2026 acquisition of Australian Strategic Materials, and says it plans a US plant backed by a conditional $725M OSC loan. USA Rare Earth owns Less Common Metals in the United Kingdom, which made its first commercial yttrium metal pour in Apr 2026.
Magnet makers such as Vulcan Elements plan in-house metal making to close the gap. See magnet manufacturers.
Go deeper
How else can I browse US rare earth companies?
Each page has its own definition and comparison table. The profiles behind them carry the sources.
- 14 Mining companies Miners, project developers, explorers and by-product recoverers.
- 2 Processing and refining Who turns concentrate into separated oxides, and who is building plants.
- 7 Magnet manufacturers Made-in-USA NdFeB and SmCo magnets, with stated capacity.
- 9 Recycling companies Magnet, e-waste and coal-waste recovery.
- 15 Publicly traded companies Tickers and exchanges, as facts only.
- 9 Private companies Which companies are not public, and who backs them.
- 7 US-listed, projects abroad Companies listed in the US whose projects sit outside it.
- + Ownership map Parents, subsidiaries, ventures and pending acquisitions in one view.
- ↑ Rare earth companies in the US The full directory with every status and role in one table.
- Rare earth metals and alloysWhat metallization does
- Separation and refiningThe step before metal
- Magnet manufacturersThe step after metal
- US producers of NdPrOxide and metal capacity
- Capacity trackerStated capacity by step
- Government support trackerFunding for metal plants
Questions about rare earth metal and alloy makers in the US
Who makes rare earth metal in the US?
MP Materials (NdPr metal at Independence, Texas), Phoenix Tailings (Exeter, New Hampshire), REalloys (Euclid, Ohio) and USA Rare Earth (Stillwater, Oklahoma). Output volumes are mostly unpublished.
What is the difference between a rare earth oxide and a metal?
An oxide is the separated powder that comes out of the separation plant. A metal is made from the oxide by metallization and is what magnet makers melt into alloys.
Does Energy Fuels make rare earth metal?
Yes, in South Korea. Energy Fuels owns a metal and alloy plant in Ochang with 1,300 t/yr of alloy capacity and plans a US facility backed by a conditional $725M OSC loan.
Is Phoenix Tailings a metal refiner?
Yes. Phoenix Tailings refines rare earth metals at Exeter, New Hampshire, with 200 t/yr built and 500 t/yr of capacity, and plans a larger Freedom Facility with a conditional $500M OSC loan.
Sources and verification
Each profile lists its sources, a confidence grade and a verification date. Order of authority: official records (SEC filings, agency documents), company documents and technical reports, research papers, then independent press. Syndicated copies and reference works are labeled and are never the only source for a number. Company-reported figures are labeled as such, and non-binding deals are labeled "letter of intent" or "conditional".
- OSTI review, Minerals Engineering 249 (Kashyap et al., 2026) Research paper
- Pulse 2: Phoenix Tailings and the Department of War initiative (Jun 2026) Syndicated copy
- USA Rare Earth Q2 2026 results (SEC) Official record
- Energy Fuels 10-Q for Q2 2026 (SEC) Official record
- MP Materials Q1 2026 results (SEC) Official record
Tags show what kind of source each link is. How sources are ranked