US mine output of rare earth oxide, 2025
51,000t
The US produced 13% of the 390,000 t world total. China produced 270,000 t (69%).
Independent. Source-checked. Updated Oct 1, 2026.
U.S. rare earth mines and companies: verified directory and status tracker
The United States has 1 active primary rare earth mine and 2 sites with commercial separation. This directory tracks 14 mines, projects and mills and 27 companies, each with an owner, a status and a source.
Browse the mines Browse the companies
- Active primary mines
- 1Mountain Pass, California
- Mines and projects tracked
- 14in 9 states
- Company profiles
- 27across 5 supply chain steps
Two directories, one supply chain
Start with the mines or start with the companies
Every mine links to the company that owns it, and every company links back to its mines and plants, so you can move from either side.
Directory 1
Rare earth mines in the US
14 mines, projects and mills
Where each rare earth project is, who owns it, what stage it has reached and what happens next.
Explore the mines Directory 2Rare earth companies in the US
27 company profiles
- 13Mining
- 6Separation
- 6Metal and alloy
- 7Magnets
- 4Recycling
Miners, separators, metal makers, magnet manufacturers and recyclers, with listing, assets and government support.
Explore the companiesThe state of play
Where the US rare earth supply chain stands
The US produced 13% of the world's mined rare earth oxide in 2025 and still imports most of its processed rare earths. Six figures show the gap.
Net import reliance, compounds and metals
67%
Up from 53% in 2024. The dark tick marks the 2024 level.
NdPr oxide: capacity vs 2030 demand
29%
Capacity now3,600 t/yr
2030 demand12,500 t/yr
Share of projected 2030 US magnet demand that today's domestic NdPr capacity could cover (derived from the two figures).
Average lead time for a US mine
19years
From discovery to first operation. Project capital costs run from $300M to $1.6B.
NdPr price floor set by the Pentagon
$110/kg
Part of the July 2025 deal in which the Department of Defense bought $400M of MP Materials convertible preferred stock.
Next policy deadline
Nov 102026
China export-control suspension expires. China's one-year suspension of six October 2025 announcements ends, including the controls on holmium, erbium, thulium, europium and ytterbium and the rule reaching foreign-made products. The April 2025 controls on seven elements remain in force.
One vocabulary
How does this directory classify a rare earth project?
Every mine, project, mill and plant gets exactly one of 8 statuses, defined once and used the same way on every page. "Producing rare earths" is reserved for sites that sell rare earth material today; a plan is never counted as output.
- Producing rare earths 1
- Mining or processing rare earth material for sale today.
- Other commodity with rare earth by-product or plan 2
- An operating mine of another commodity (coal or titanium sands, for example) that yields a rare earth mineral as a by-product or has a rare earth recovery plan that is not yet commercial.
- Development 5
- Resource defined; feasibility, permitting or financing under way; no commercial rare earth output.
- Exploration 7
- Drilling or sampling; no feasibility-grade resource, or no rare earth resource estimate yet.
- Historic or prospect soon
- Known occurrence in USGS data without a current development program.
- Processing / manufacturing (operating) 11
- A plant that separates, refines, alloys, magnetizes or recycles, with commercial output under way.
- Processing / manufacturing (building) 4
- A plant under construction or commissioning.
- Processing / manufacturing (planned) 5
- A plant that is announced or financed but not yet under construction.
Mine to magnet
Which US companies do each step from mine to magnet?
The US has companies at all 5 steps, but commercial output exists at only a few: 1 primary mine and 2 separation sites. Metal, alloy and magnet capacity is just starting, and recycling is new. Each step links to its own company list.
- 01 Mining and development 13
Ore, concentrate and by-product streams
13 companies profiled
- 02 Separation and refining 6
Concentrate to separated oxides
6 companies profiled
- 03 Metal and alloy 6
Oxides to metals and magnet alloys
6 companies profiled
- 04 Magnet manufacturing 7
7 companies profiled
- 05 Recycling 4
Magnet and e-waste feedstock
4 companies profiled
Read the mine to magnet guide All ten guides Capacity against demand See every company by step
Follow the money
Which rare earth companies has the US government invested in?
The US government has put money into MP Materials ($400M of preferred stock, completed) and offered much larger packages to others. Most of the larger amounts are conditional, announced or non-binding, so every row carries a status.
Of the $8.18B in company-level support rows tracked here, $873M (11%) is closed or awarded.
- Closed or awarded$873M
- Announced$1.92B
- Conditional commitment$3.5B
- Non-binding letter$1.09B
- Under review$790M
- USA Rare Earth Department of Commerce (CHIPS)Up to $1.6BConditional
Up to $277M funding plus up to $1.3B senior secured loan. Definitive agreements, signed after a Jan 26, 2026 letter of intent. Includes $50M for the Stillwater magnet plant and $20M for the Stillwater metal plant. Jun 3, 2026
- NioCorp EXIM$780M to $800MIn review
Loan application. In independent technical review; the company targets construction start in Dec 2026. 2025 to 2026
- Aclara Resources EXIMUp to $750MNon-binding
Letter of interest (Make More in America), tenor up to 15 years. A preliminary indication for Project Dynamo (separation, metals and alloys) at the Port of Vinton, Louisiana. Sept 4, 2026
- Serra Verde Department of War (Economic Defense Unit, IBAS program)$750MAnnounced
Investment in the special purpose vehicle (US SIIE, LLC) that buys Serra Verde output under a 15-year offtake with price floors. For the Pela Ema project in Brazil, which USA Rare Earth acquired on Sept 3, 2026. Part of a $1.55B structure with the $300M forward purchase contract and a $500M bank commitment letter, which is not federal and not counted here. USA Rare Earth says the vehicle was fully capitalized on Aug 24, 2026; the sources checked do not say how much has been paid in. Aug 24, 2026
- Energy Fuels Office of Strategic Capital (Department of War)$725MConditional
20-year loan commitment. For a domestic separation and metallization facility. Jun 2026
- Vulcan Elements Office of Strategic Capital (Department of War)$620MConditional
Conditional loan commitment (joint $700M package with ReElement). Plus $550M of private capital for a plant of about $1B in Benson, North Carolina. Closing is not confirmed in the sources checked. Nov 2025
Open the government support tracker Rare earth policy explainers
Dates that move the sector
What changed recently, and what happens next?
Next dates to watch
- Late 2026
Halleck Creek Wyoming permit-to-mine filing
American Rare Earths plans to file the Wyoming permit-to-mine application for the Cowboy State Mine.
- Q4 2026
MP Materials magnet shipments and heavy rare earth output
Commercial magnet shipments from Independence to General Motors are expected in Q4, with dysprosium and terbium output expected later in 2026 (company statements).
- Q4 2026
Round Top definitive feasibility study
USA Rare Earth expects the study to complete in Q4 2026, with publication in Q1 2027.
- Nov 10, 2026
China export-control suspension expires
China's one-year suspension of six October 2025 announcements ends, including the controls on holmium, erbium, thulium, europium and ytterbium and the rule reaching foreign-made products. The April 2025 controls on seven elements remain in force.
- Dec 2026
Elk Creek construction start (target)
NioCorp targets the start of full construction, subject to project financing, with an EXIM application of about $780M to $800M in technical review.
Verified changes, newest first
- Oct 1, 2026
Thras Moraitis succeeds Barbara Humpton as CEO of USA Rare Earth
As announced, Moraitis, formerly CEO of Serra Verde, takes over from Humpton, who retires.
- Sept 9, 2026
Cyclic Materials opens its Mesa, Arizona recycling plant
The plant can take up to 25,000 t/yr of material; more than 7,000 t had already been received.
- Sept 9, 2026
USA Rare Earth breaks ground in Blacksburg, South Carolina
The campus targets 6,400 t/yr of magnets and 5,000 t/yr of metal and alloy, with commissioning in 2028.
- Sept 4, 2026
EXIM issues a letter of interest of up to $750M to Aclara
The non-binding letter covers Project Dynamo, a separation, metals and alloys facility at the Port of Vinton, Louisiana.
- Sept 3, 2026
USA Rare Earth completes its combination with Serra Verde
The deal of about $2.8B ($300M cash plus 126.8M shares) adds the Pela Ema rare earth mine in Brazil.
The 17 elements
Which rare earth elements does China control, and which make magnets?
China requires export licenses for 7 of the 17 rare earth elements (since Apr 2025). A further 5 were added in Oct 2025 and suspended until Nov 10, 2026. Five of the 17 (Nd, Pr, Sm, Dy and Tb) go into the permanent magnets at the center of US policy.
- 21 Sc Scandium China licensing since April 2025
- 39 Y Yttrium China licensing since April 2025
- 57 La Lanthanum
- 58 Ce Cerium
- 59 Pr Praseodymium
- 60 Nd Neodymium
- 61 Pm Promethium
- 62 Sm Samarium China licensing since April 2025
- 63 Eu Europium China expansion suspended until Nov 10, 2026
- 64 Gd Gadolinium China licensing since April 2025
- 65 Tb Terbium China licensing since April 2025
- 66 Dy Dysprosium China licensing since April 2025
- 67 Ho Holmium China expansion suspended until Nov 10, 2026
- 68 Er Erbium China expansion suspended until Nov 10, 2026
- 69 Tm Thulium China expansion suspended until Nov 10, 2026
- 70 Yb Ytterbium China expansion suspended until Nov 10, 2026
- 71 Lu Lutetium China licensing since April 2025
- Magnet elements Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy
- China licensing since Apr 2025 Sc, Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu
- Oct 2025 expansion, suspended to Nov 10, 2026 Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb
Questions about the directory
What is the Rare Earth Directory?
The Rare Earth Directory is an independent, source-checked directory of U.S. rare earth mines, projects and companies. It lists each entity's owner, status, funding and next milestone, and lists the sources, a confidence grade and the verification date for every profile.
How many rare earth mines are active in the US?
One. Mountain Pass in California, owned by MP Materials, is the only active primary rare earth mine in the United States. Brook Mine in Wyoming is a coal mine with rare earth plans, and White Mesa Mill in Utah is a processing mill, not a mine.
Does this directory give investment advice?
No. The directory reports facts about companies and projects. Tickers and exchanges appear as facts only, and the site publishes no price targets, forecasts or buy and sell opinions.
How often is the information updated?
Core pages are re-verified every quarter and checked weekly against SEC filings and company releases. Confirmed corrections are fixed within 48 hours and logged on the updates page.