US producers by element
US sources of samarium and SmCo magnets
No US plant makes separated samarium oxide in the sources checked, and the two US makers of samarium cobalt magnets, Arnold Magnetic Technologies in Rochester, New York and Electron Energy Corporation in Landisville, Pennsylvania, name no US samarium source. Arnold sources its samarium outside China, through 2025 supply agreements with Less Common Metals and Solvay.
MP Materials plans first samarium production in 2028 and Energy Fuels up to about 140 t/yr of samarium oxide by the end of 2028 (company targets). Samarium is one of the seven elements China has licensed since Apr 2025, and its oxide is cheap: $2.82 per kg on average in 2025 (USGS), so the issue is a supply outside China, not the price.
Verified through Oct 1, 2026
- US samarium oxide makers
- 0None in the sources checked
- US SmCo magnet makers
- 2Arnold and Electron Energy
- Samarium oxide, 2025 average
- $2.82/kgUSGS
- SmCo alloy in the FY 2025 stockpile plan
- 60 tonsPotential acquisitions (USGS)
- Energy Fuels samarium target
- 140 t/yrOxide, by end of 2028 (company)
The definition
What is samarium?
Samarium is a medium rare earth element that is alloyed with cobalt to make samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnets, which resist heat better than NdFeB and use no dysprosium or terbium. China has licensed samarium exports since Apr 2025.
- Used for
- SmCo magnets for hot, weight-insensitive uses such as aerospace and defense (magnets guide).
- Price
- $2.82/kg for samarium oxide on average in 2025, from $3.34/kg in 2022 (USGS).
- In ore
- Mountain Pass concentrate is 1.8% samarium, europium and gadolinium together (MP reserve model, 10-K).
- China
- Licensed under MOFCOM Announcement No. 18, which also lists samarium magnets.
The comparison
Which US companies produce or plan to produce samarium?
5 US rows relate to samarium: two SmCo magnet makers and three planned samarium oxide circuits. Arnold Magnetic Technologies and Electron Energy Corporation are operating; Energy Fuels and Ucore Rare Metals are building; MP Materials is planned. No samarium oxide circuit is operating yet.
| Company | Site and step | Stage | Product, output or capacity as stated | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnold Magnetic TechnologiesRochester, New York | Rochester headquartersMagnet | Operating | Samarium cobalt magnets; capacity not statedArnold sources samarium outside China, with 2025 supply agreements with Less Common Metals and Solvay. A newer Thailand plant is meant to more than double its SmCo output. | arnoldmagnetics.com arnoldmagnetics.com |
| Electron Energy CorporationLandisville, Pennsylvania | LandisvilleMagnet | Operating | Samarium cobalt and NdFeB magnets; no capacity figureNot profiled here; the detail comes from the company's own materials. | manufacturing-today.com |
| Energy FuelsBlanding, Utah | White Mesa Mill, heavy rare earth expansionSeparated oxide | Building | Up to about 140 t/yr of samarium oxide, due by the end of 2028 depending on market needsThe samarium, europium and gadolinium circuits follow the dysprosium and terbium circuits. | sec.gov |
| Ucore Rare MetalsAlexandria, Louisiana | Louisiana Strategic Metals ComplexSeparated oxide | Building | Samarium and a SmEuGd mix among the planned products; no separate figureThe demonstration plant in Kingston, Ontario has made Sm and SmEuGd products. | newsfilecorp.com |
| MP MaterialsCalifornia and Texas | Mountain Pass and the 10X campusSeparated oxide | Planned | First samarium production planned in 2028 (company target)A $150M Department of Defense loan, issued Aug 2025, extends heavy rare earth refining to samarium oxide separation. | mpmaterials.com sec.gov |
Nothing matches that search.
Figures are the owner's statements unless a USGS figure is labeled, and none is added here: the capacity tracker adds them one unit at a time. A plant that makes more than one element appears on each element's page. The US producers hub shows every element side by side.
Verified Oct 1, 2026 Every row links to a full profile where one exists.
Download the data: Producers (CSV)Prices (CSV)
Who makes samarium cobalt magnets in the US?
Arnold Magnetic Technologies fabricates and tests SmCo magnets at its Rochester, New York headquarters, and Electron Energy Corporation makes SmCo and NdFeB magnets in Landisville, Pennsylvania. Neither states a US SmCo capacity, and Arnold's new capacity is a plant in Thailand that is meant to more than double its SmCo output.
The magnet manufacturers page lists all seven US makers. The USGS lists 60 tons of samarium-cobalt alloy among the National Defense Stockpile's potential acquisitions for FY 2025.
- Operating Arnold Magnetic Technologies Rochester, New York. SmCo magnets and assemblies, mostly for aerospace and defense. Samarium comes from outside China under 2025 agreements with Less Common Metals and Solvay.
- Operating Electron Energy Corporation Landisville, Pennsylvania. SmCo and NdFeB magnets and assemblies; describes itself as ITAR compliant (company). Not profiled here.
- SmCo against NdFeB Heat, not strength SmCo resists demagnetization at high temperature better than NdFeB and needs no dysprosium or terbium, but it still needs samarium.
Where would US samarium come from?
From circuits that are not yet running: MP Materials plans first samarium production in 2028, helped by a $150M Department of Defense loan for samarium oxide separation, Energy Fuels plans up to about 140 t/yr of samarium oxide by the end of 2028, and Ucore has made samarium products at its Ontario demonstration plant.
Outside the US, Lynas first produced samarium oxide in its 2026 financial year (company). Mountain Pass concentrate is only 1.8% samarium, europium and gadolinium together, so samarium is a small part of what Mountain Pass mines, and White Mesa's circuit follows its dysprosium and terbium circuits.
- Planned MP Materials, 2028 First samarium production with the 10X campus. A $150M Department of Defense loan, issued Aug 2025, extends heavy rare earth refining to samarium oxide separation.
- Building Energy Fuels, end of 2028 Up to about 140 t/yr of samarium oxide in the heavy rare earth expansion, depending on market needs (10-Q).
- Building Ucore, Louisiana The Alexandria complex lists samarium and a SmEuGd mix among its planned products; first full machine in H1 2027 (company).
What is samarium oxide worth?
The USGS reports an average samarium oxide price of $2.82/kg in 2025, up from $2.01/kg in 2024 and well below NdPr oxide at $69/kg. At that price the supply concern the sources describe is access to non-China material rather than cost.
| Product | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum | 2.03 | 3.34 | 2.17 | 2.01 | 2.82 |
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Rare Earths, from Argus Media group prices, free on board. The USGS prints two decimals.
When could the US make samarium?
Ucore's first full machine is due in H1 2027, MP Materials plans first samarium in 2028 with its 10X commissioning, and Energy Fuels' samarium, europium and gadolinium circuits are due by the end of 2028. These are company targets, and Energy Fuels says its samarium circuits depend on market need (10-Q).
- H1 2027 Ucore Machine A due for commissioningUcore expects Machine A, the first full RapidSX machine at its Alexandria, Louisiana complex, to be installed, tested and commissioned.
- 2028 MP Materials 10X commissioning and first samariumMP Materials expects the 10X campus in Northlake, Texas to begin commissioning and plans first samarium production.
- End of 2028 White Mesa samarium, europium and gadolinium circuitsEnergy Fuels says the samarium, europium and gadolinium circuits of the heavy rare earth expansion are due by the end of 2028, depending on market needs (10-Q).
Go deeper
How else can I browse US rare earth companies?
Each page has its own definition and comparison table. The profiles behind them carry the sources.
- 10 NdPr (neodymium and praseodymium) Who makes NdPr oxide and metal in the US, at what stage, and against what price and demand.
- 11 Dysprosium and terbium Who has made dysprosium and terbium in the US, who is building commercial circuits, and what is stated.
- 6 Yttrium and scandium Why the US makes no yttrium or scandium, who refines a little, and who plans to.
- 2 Cerium and lanthanum Cerium and lanthanum from Mountain Pass: the share of the ore, the uses, the prices and the stockpile plan.
- 5 US producers by element NdPr, dysprosium and terbium, samarium, yttrium and scandium, cerium and lanthanum: who makes each, and when.
- ↑ Rare earth companies in the US The full directory with every status and role in one table.
- Arnold Magnetic TechnologiesThe SmCo maker in Rochester, New York
- Magnet manufacturersAll seven US makers, NdFeB and SmCo
- How rare earth magnets are madeSmCo and NdFeB side by side
- Mountain PassFirst samarium planned in 2028
- White Mesa MillA samarium circuit due by end of 2028
- China export controls timelineSamarium is licensed since Apr 2025
- US producers by elementAll five element groups side by side
Questions about US sources of samarium and smco magnets
Does the US produce samarium?
Not as separated oxide in the sources checked. Arnold Magnetic Technologies and Electron Energy Corporation make samarium cobalt magnets, and MP Materials and Energy Fuels plan samarium oxide for 2028.
Who makes SmCo magnets in the US?
Arnold Magnetic Technologies (Rochester, New York) and Electron Energy Corporation (Landisville, Pennsylvania). Neither states a US SmCo capacity; Arnold's newer plant is in Thailand.
Where does Arnold get its samarium?
Outside China: it has 2025 supply agreements with Less Common Metals and Solvay for samarium oxide and other rare earth materials, and says non-China samarium oxide is scarce.
Does China control samarium?
Yes. Samarium has been licensed under MOFCOM Announcement No. 18 since Apr 2025, and the announcement also lists samarium magnets.
Why is samarium oxide so cheap?
The USGS reports an average of $2.82/kg for 2025, compared with $69/kg for NdPr oxide and $239/kg for dysprosium oxide. The sources checked do not explain the price; samarium is a smaller-volume product than NdPr.
What is the difference between SmCo and NdFeB magnets?
SmCo resists heat better and needs no dysprosium or terbium, which suits aerospace and defense, while sintered NdFeB is the strongest and most common magnet. SmCo is made from samarium and cobalt alloys.
Has the US government bought samarium?
The USGS lists 60 tons of samarium-cobalt alloy among the National Defense Stockpile's potential acquisitions for FY 2025, and the Department of Defense lent MP Materials $150M in Aug 2025 for samarium oxide separation.
Sources and verification
Each profile lists its sources, a confidence grade and a verification date. Order of authority: official records (SEC filings, agency documents), company documents and technical reports, research papers, then independent press. Syndicated copies and reference works are labeled and are never the only source for a number. Company-reported figures are labeled as such, and non-binding deals are labeled "letter of intent" or "conditional".
- USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 Official record
- OSTI review, Minerals Engineering 249 (Kashyap et al., 2026) Research paper
- MP Materials 10-K for 2025 (SEC) Official record
- MP Materials Q2 2026 results Company document
- Energy Fuels 10-Q for Q2 2026 (SEC) Official record
- Arnold Magnetic Technologies: strategic investments and agreements for rare earth supply continuity Company document
- Arnold: strategic expansion of Thailand operations Company document
- Manufacturing Today: Electron Energy Corporation Independent press
- Ucore: engineering report for the Louisiana Strategic Metals Complex (May 2026) Company document
Tags show what kind of source each link is. How sources are ranked