{
 "source": "Rare Earth Directory",
 "url": "https://rareearthdirectory.com",
 "verified": "2026-10-01",
 "license": "Free to use with attribution to the Rare Earth Directory",
 "rows": [
  {
   "mineral": "Bastnaesite",
   "family": "Rare earth fluorocarbonate",
   "formula": "(Ce,La,Y)CO3F",
   "total_rare_earth_oxide_usgs": "70% to 74%",
   "thorium_oxide_usgs": "0 to 0.3%",
   "uranium_oxide_usgs": "0.09%",
   "carries": "Mostly light rare earths. Mountain Pass oxide is 82.7% lanthanum and cerium and 16.4% NdPr, with 0.0% dysprosium and terbium (OSTI).",
   "thorium": "Low. The USGS lists 0 to 0.3% thorium oxide and 0.09% uranium oxide for bastnaesite, and names monazite as the thorium-heavy mineral.",
   "processing_route": "Froth flotation makes a concentrate of about 60% TREO. Mountain Pass roasts it at about 600 °C and leaches it in cold hydrochloric acid.",
   "maturity": "Proven at commercial scale",
   "us_supply_today": "Mined as a primary product at Mountain Pass, California (USGS 2026).",
   "tracked_projects": "Mountain Pass; Bear Lodge; Elk Creek; Bokan Mountain; Sheep Creek",
   "usgs_districts": "Wet Mountains; Gallinas Mountains",
   "usgs_2002_sites": 14
  },
  {
   "mineral": "Monazite",
   "family": "Rare earth and thorium phosphate",
   "formula": "(Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4",
   "total_rare_earth_oxide_usgs": "35% to 71%",
   "thorium_oxide_usgs": "0 to 20%",
   "uranium_oxide_usgs": "0 to 16%",
   "carries": "Light rare earths with some heavy ones. The USGS says monazite typically holds 60% to 62% total rare earth oxide; concentrates from sands are typically 20% to 24% NdPr oxide, 1% to 3% dysprosium oxide and 0.3% to 1% terbium oxide (OSTI).",
   "thorium": "Yes. The USGS lists up to 20% thorium oxide and up to 16% uranium oxide, and says tighter rules on radioactive minerals drove many monazite sources out of the market in the 1980s.",
   "processing_route": "A heavy mineral, concentrated from sand by gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation to 50% to 60% or more TREO. White Mesa Mill cracks it with caustic soda and leaches it with hydrochloric acid.",
   "maturity": "Proven at commercial scale",
   "us_supply_today": "Produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern US (USGS 2026) and processed at White Mesa Mill in Utah.",
   "tracked_projects": "Elk Creek; Bokan Mountain; Sheep Creek; White Mesa Mill",
   "usgs_districts": "Wet Mountains; Idaho monazite placers; Hicks Dome; Pea Ridge; El Porvenir (Hermit Mountain); Petaca district; Carolina monazite placers; Florida and Georgia beach placers",
   "usgs_2002_sites": 71
  },
  {
   "mineral": "Xenotime",
   "family": "Yttrium phosphate",
   "formula": "YPO4",
   "total_rare_earth_oxide_usgs": "52% to 67%",
   "thorium_oxide_usgs": "",
   "uranium_oxide_usgs": "0 to 5%",
   "carries": "Yttrium and heavy rare earths. The USGS says deposits enriched in heavy rare earths most commonly have xenotime as the principal rare earth mineral.",
   "thorium": "Uranium rather than thorium: the USGS lists 0 to 5% uranium oxide and gives no thorium figure.",
   "processing_route": "Usually recovered with other minerals. In Florida, yttrium-rich xenotime is in the monazite concentrates from the sand operations (USGS).",
   "maturity": "Demonstrated to some extent",
   "us_supply_today": "No primary US production; yttrium-rich xenotime occurs in the monazite concentrates produced in Florida (USGS 2026).",
   "tracked_projects": "Round Top; Bokan Mountain",
   "usgs_districts": "Music Valley; Pea Ridge; Laughlin Peak",
   "usgs_2002_sites": 19
  },
  {
   "mineral": "Allanite",
   "family": "Rare earth silicate (epidote group)",
   "formula": "Ca(Ce,La,Y,Ca)Al2(Fe2+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)",
   "total_rare_earth_oxide_usgs": "3% to 51%",
   "thorium_oxide_usgs": "0 to 3%",
   "uranium_oxide_usgs": "",
   "carries": "Cerium, lanthanum and yttrium in a silicate.",
   "thorium": "Some. The USGS lists 0 to 3% thorium oxide and says allanite grains are commonly damaged by its radioactive decay. La Paz is reported to be low in thorium and uranium (company-reported).",
   "processing_route": "Halleck Creek plans dense media and wet magnetic separation to about 3.5% TREO before any chemical step.",
   "maturity": "Needs technology development",
   "us_supply_today": "None. Allanite is the host mineral at Halleck Creek (development) and La Paz (exploration); neither is in production.",
   "tracked_projects": "Halleck Creek; Bokan Mountain; Sheep Creek; La Paz",
   "usgs_districts": "Capitan Mountains; Gold Hill and White Signal",
   "usgs_2002_sites": 17
  },
  {
   "mineral": "Yttrofluorite",
   "family": "Yttrium-bearing calcium fluoride",
   "formula": "(Ca,Y)F2",
   "total_rare_earth_oxide_usgs": "",
   "thorium_oxide_usgs": "",
   "uranium_oxide_usgs": "",
   "carries": "Yttrium and heavy rare earths. Round Top oxide is 5.7% dysprosium and 0.9% terbium (OSTI) and about 72% heavy rare earths plus yttrium (company-reported).",
   "thorium": "Not stated in the sources checked.",
   "processing_route": "Round Top plans a leach and chromatography flowsheet that is still being proven; its Wheat Ridge demonstration plant made dysprosium and NdPr oxide samples in Jul 2026.",
   "maturity": "Needs technology development",
   "us_supply_today": "None. Round Top, Texas, is in development.",
   "tracked_projects": "Round Top",
   "usgs_districts": "",
   "usgs_2002_sites": 0
  }
 ]
}